Cam material and thickness.
The cam is the small extension at the back of the cylinder that drives the bolt. On budget cylinders it is thinner and made from softer alloy. It is also the component under the most repeated stress, which is why a sheared cam is one of the most common budget lock failures. The symptom is a key that turns freely through a full rotation without moving the bolt at all.
Pin and spring quality.
Cheaper pins are softer and wear flats on their contact faces faster. Cheaper springs fatigue sooner and lose return pressure, producing pins that occasionally fail to drop into position. Both show up as a lock that becomes inconsistent rather than one that fails outright.
Bolt throw and bolt material.
Budget deadbolts frequently throw a shorter bolt, sometimes only fifteen millimetres against twenty five or more on better hardware. A shorter bolt engages less of the frame and is far easier to force past the strike. The bolt itself may be hollow or made from softer material that deforms under load.
No hardened protection.
Anti drill pins, hardened plates and anti snap break points are absent entirely at the budget end. These are inexpensive features to include at manufacture and they are among the first things removed to hit a price point.
Strike plate and fixings.
Budget locksets almost always ship with a light strike plate and short screws. This matters more than the lock itself, because that combination is what gives way first under a kick.
Finish and corrosion resistance.
Thinner plating corrodes sooner. On an external door in a coastal position, the difference between a quality finish and a budget one can be several years of service life.